Smart Contract and Decentralized Application †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Smart Contract and Decentralized Application. Answer: Introduction: This report will present some key points about block chain applications. Before diving into block chain applications there is a need to know about block chain. Block chain is an invention that is changing how digital transactions work. Satoshi Nakamoto, a pseudonym is believed to be the inventor of block chain. Block chain allows distribution of digital information rather than being copied, it has created a new type of internet. It was devised for digital currency Bitcoin but the block chain technology is creating ripple effects in the tech community. Bitcoin and Ethereum are the two digital currency chosen and the report will discuss some key features associated with these two digital currencies. Bitcoin is digital money and is a network that enables new payment system. The purpose of creating Bitcoin is to make a decentralized system. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer payment network, which is decentralized. It means that there are no intermediaries involved when a transaction happens. It is a type of cash for the internet [2]. Ethereum is also based on block chain technology. It is a kind of software platform, which enables developers to build applications and deploy decentralized applications like Bitcoin. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum may sound similar however; there are technical differences between the two. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer cash system whereas Ethereum is a platform that can be used to run code of decentralized application management [3]. Working model: A new user can immediately get started with Bitcoin without knowing technical details. A user needs to install Bitcoin wallet on mobile or on computer. This activity will generate Bitcoin address. Bitcoin addresses needs to be shared with other users in order to receive payments from them. It may seem like email but a Bitcoin address can be used only once. Bitcoin network relies entirely on block chain technology. Block chain is like a spreadsheet where all transactions are included. Using this technology, Bitcoin wallets are able to calculate its spendable balance. The chronological order and integrity of Bitcoins are enforced with the help of cryptography [4]. Here, a transaction can be defined as transfer of values between Bitcoin wallets. A secret data that the Bitcoin wallets keep is called seed and is used for signing transactions. This signature method is used to prevent alteration of data once it is issued. Transactions are confirmed within the network by a process called mining. Working principle of Ethereum is bit different from Bitcoin. Bitcoin is electronic cash whereas Ethereum is a platform made to create digital currencies like Bitcoin. Ethereum has similar kind of block chain design as Bitcoin however; it is tweaked to include additional support for applications that extend beyond money. Ethereum block chain is similar in design as that of the Bitcoins but still there are some technical differences. Nodes in the Ethereum block chain stores all ether transactions and additionally recent state of smart contracts [5]. The network keeps track of state for each Ethereum transactions. Each time a program is used in the Ethereum virtual machine; there is a network of thousands of computers to process it. Programming languages in the virtual machine are compiled into byte code by the machine so that it can read and execute it. Scalability issues: Bitcoin faces scalability issues. It refers to the limit on the amount of transactions. The block chain network that the Bitcoin uses can process a quantity of information at any given time, which means the blocks used in block chain network are limited in frequency and size. Blocks in the network hold the transactions happening in the Bitcoin network. On chain, processing capacity is limited by 10 minutes of Average Block Creation time. Networks throughput gets constrained by this. Three to seven transactions per second are considered the maximum transaction processing capacity of the Bitcoin network [6]. Ethereum and Bitcoin needs to step up their ante if they want to compete with systems like PayPal and Visa. Visa manages 1667 and PayPal manages 193 transactions per second whereas Bitcoin manages seven transactions and Ethereum manages 20 transactions. Bitcoin and Ethereum needs to ramp up their scalability if they want to get close to mainstream players like PayPal and Visa. Features and Weakness: Features of Bitcoin include validation. System ensures that every transaction made on the network is valid thereby ensuring security. Bitcoin also enables better privacy. Bitcoin has better user interface and helps in supporting other peers. Weakness for Bitcoin can be scalability issues since its network can process up to seven transactions per second. Another weakness can be that no central authority is present. If someone loses Bitcoin, then there is no one to complain. The price of Bitcoin keeps on fluctuating, which is a big minus [7]. A feature of Ethereum includes the creation of new digital currency via its platform. Scalability issues are there in Ethereum too. There is lack of documentation for people who wants to become Ethereum developers. This includes security issues that crypto currency faces. Bitcoin uses a decentralized model with an environment that is uncontrollable. This makes the system vulnerable to threats. Vulnerability in the system is used by hackers to fraud the transactions. This is also true for Ethereum. Attack may include wallet attacks, mining attacks and network attacks. There is also double spending in Bitcoin where a user is able to fraud the system by spending same set of Bitcoins in two different transactions [8]. Conclusion: Therefore, from the report it can be concluded that although crypto currencies uses innovative technologies they are not immune to fraud and issues. Bitcoin is electronic cash available on the internet that uses block chain technology to perform peer-to-peer transactions whereas Etherium provides a platform to develop crypto currencies. There is a difference between the two block chain applications management. References: "How does Bitcoin work? - Bitcoin",Bitcoin.org, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bitcoin.org/en/how-it-works. [Accessed: 10- Apr- 2018]. Segendorf, B., What is bitcoin,Sveriges Riksbank Economic Review,2014, pp.71-87. Buterin, V., A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform,white paper, 2014. Iavorschi, M.,The bitcoin project and the free market.,CES Working Papers, 2013, pp.529-534. Nair, G.R. and Sebastian, S., BlockChain Technology Centralised Ledger to Distributed Ledger,2017. Blundell-Wignall, A., The Bitcoin question: Currency versus trust-less transfer technology.,OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, (37), 2014, p.1. ShenTu, Q. and Yu, J., Research on Anonymization and De-anonymization in the Bitcoin System.,arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.07782, 2015. Conti, M., Lal, C. and Ruj, S., A survey on security and privacy issues of bitcoin.,arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.00916, 2017.